| Zinc | Supports normal immune-cell development, barrier function, wound healing, and protein synthesis. | 11 mg/day | 8 mg/day | Pregnancy: 11 mg/day Lactation: 12 mg/day | 40 mg/day | Zinc gluconate, zinc citrate, zinc picolinate, zinc bisglycinate | Declare elemental zinc, not only the compound weight. Long-term excessive intake may reduce copper absorption and may cause nausea or gastrointestinal discomfort. |
| Vitamin A | Maintains epithelial barriers and supports normal vision and immune-cell function. | 900 mcg RAE/day | 700 mcg RAE/day | Pregnancy: 770 mcg RAE/day Lactation: 1,300 mcg RAE/day | 3,000 mcg RAE/day | Retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, beta-carotene | The upper limit applies to preformed vitamin A from retinol and retinyl esters, not beta-carotene. High preformed vitamin A intake is especially important to control during pregnancy. |
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) | Supports carbohydrate metabolism, nerve function, and cellular energy production. | 1.2 mg/day | 1.1 mg/day | Pregnancy: 1.4 mg/day Lactation: 1.4 mg/day | No established UL | Thiamin hydrochloride, thiamin mononitrate, benfotiamine | Use the declared thiamin amount consistently across the Supplement Facts panel and wholesale specification sheet. |
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Supports energy metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity. | 1.3 mg/day | 1.1 mg/day | Pregnancy: 1.4 mg/day Lactation: 1.6 mg/day | No established UL | Riboflavin, riboflavin-5'-phosphate | Riboflavin may produce bright-yellow urine; this expected effect should not be confused with product contamination. |
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Supports energy metabolism, skin and mucosal health, and normal cellular signaling. | 16 mg NE/day | 14 mg NE/day | Pregnancy: 18 mg NE/day Lactation: 17 mg NE/day | 35 mg/day | Nicotinamide, niacin, inositol hexanicotinate | The 35 mg UL applies to supplemental nicotinic acid and is intended to reduce flushing risk. Clearly identify the niacin form and amount. |
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) | Participates in coenzyme A formation and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. | 5 mg/day (AI) | 5 mg/day (AI) | Pregnancy: 6 mg/day Lactation: 7 mg/day | No established UL | Calcium pantothenate, pantethine | Amounts should be listed in milligrams. Very high supplemental intakes may cause digestive discomfort in some individuals. |
| Vitamin B6 | Supports amino-acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and normal immune function. | 1.3 mg/day 1.7 mg/day after age 50 | 1.3 mg/day 1.5 mg/day after age 50 | Pregnancy: 1.9 mg/day Lactation: 2.0 mg/day | 100 mg/day | Pyridoxine hydrochloride, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate | Do not treat the UL as a target dose. Chronic high intake can cause sensory neuropathy; account for B6 from all products in a daily-use program. |
Folate (Vitamin B9) | Supports DNA synthesis, cell division, red-blood-cell formation, and immune-cell turnover. | 400 mcg DFE/day | 400 mcg DFE/day | Pregnancy: 600 mcg DFE/day Lactation: 500 mcg DFE/day | 1,000 mcg/day folic acid from supplements and fortified foods | Folic acid, L-methylfolate calcium, 5-MTHF glucosamine | Use DFE labeling where required and distinguish naturally occurring folate from supplemental folic acid. Excess folic acid can mask vitamin B12 deficiency. |
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Supports red-blood-cell formation, neurological function, DNA synthesis, and cellular metabolism. | 2.4 mcg/day | 2.4 mcg/day | Pregnancy: 2.6 mcg/day Lactation: 2.8 mcg/day | No established UL | Cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin | Microgram-level dosing is standard. Consider stability, light protection, and validated assay testing when selecting a finished-product specification. |
Biotin (Vitamin B7) | Supports fatty-acid synthesis, amino-acid metabolism, and normal energy metabolism. | 30 mcg/day (AI) | 30 mcg/day (AI) | Pregnancy: 30 mcg/day Lactation: 35 mcg/day | No established UL | D-biotin | High-dose biotin may interfere with certain laboratory tests, including some cardiac and hormone assays. Include a testing-interference warning where appropriate. |
| Reference and labeling note: RDA, AI, and UL values above are adult dietary reference benchmarks generally used in the United States. RAE means retinol activity equivalents; DFE means dietary folate equivalents; NE means niacin equivalents. These benchmarks are not individualized medical advice. Product formulas should be reviewed for local regulations, target population, serving size, ingredient interactions, and total daily exposure from all sources. |